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Application Graph 1: SPL Response

This is the normal full sweep Sound Pressure Level frequency response.  Since LMS measures automatically in absolute dBSPL, no level scaling or determination of absolute levels is required. 

You can measure the sensitivity of any transducer directly by simply setting the drive level from the power amp to 1 watt.  The curves below show a woofer in Yellow, a midrange in Red, and a tweeter in Blue.

 
Application Graph 2: Impedance Response

With LMS, taking accurate impedance measurements is as easy as connecting two wires to a speaker. LMS uses a built-in 500 Ohm output resistance to form a voltage divider with the load. 

LMS then automatically resolves this equation and produces the actual impedance of the load in true Ohms.

For more accuracy and capability the VI-Box can be used. This will allow impedance measurements at any power level.

 
Application Graph 3: Time Domain Response

By using one of the processing features, LMS can perform an inverse FFT on any frequency domain data, and produce a time domain response. 

Both Impulse and Step response curves are generated.  LMS has many powerful post processing functions which allow easy manipulation of curve data. 

The step response is shown below in Red, and the Impulse response in Blue.

 
Application Graph 4: Nyquist Plots

The scale system allows almost any data to be displayed on either rectangular or circular grids.  When magnitude/phase data is plotted using polar coordinates, a Nyquist plot results. 

Any LMS data curve can be displayed in this polar representation.  True polar display is provided for easy viewing of the radial data with either linear, log, or dB scales.

 
Application Graph 5: Gated SPL Response

The gating system in LMS allows for quasi-anechoic measurements to be taken in any environment. 

The adjustment of gate time parameters prevents reflections from local nearby boundaries from affecting the measurement.  LMS does not produce any erroneous false data below the gate frequency limit.

 
Application Graph 6: Noise Density

LMS can also be used to measure environmental noise vs. frequency using the Bandpass filters.  This type of sweep will indicate where the significant energy is located. 

The effectiveness of isolations or damping materials can be quantitatively evaluated.  Adjustments and/or improvements can be made.

 
Application Graph 7: Rub/Buzz Testing

The LMS filters can also be configured to perform Rub/Buzz type testing very effectively.  By setting both filters as Highpass with a tracking ratio of nominally 7 times the oscillator frequency, the buzzing sounds of a defective transducer can be measured.  Electrical as well as acoustic R/B setups can be tested. 

The curves here show some defective drivers, and demonstrate that the defects can present themselves at different frequencies.  The Violet shows rubbing sound at 25Hz, while the Grn and Blue curves rub at much higher frequencies.

 
Application Graph 8: SPL Polar Plots

LMS produces excellent polar plots for viewing the response from all directions of a transducer or cabinet. 

LMS also provides automatic calculation of the 6dB coverage angle, Q, and the directivity index DI.  Two different methods are available in LMS for generating the Polar Plot data.

 
Application Graph 9: Inductance / Capacitance

LMS provides direct measurement of inductance and/or capacitance vs. frequency.  This mode allows measurement and evaluation of passive crossover components to determine frequency dependency.

This graph shows a 9mH ferrite bobbin (Violet), 5mH ferrite bobbin (Blue), 4mH iron bar (Orange),  1.5mH air core (Brown), and a 0.7mH air core (Green).  The rise at low frequencies is due to the DCR of the inductor, and the fall at high frequencies is due to the shunting capacitance of the windings and/or the changes in core permeability.

 
Application Graph 10: Speaker Excursion

This graph shows an example of measuring the cone excursion of a loudspeaker tested at 1 Watt. 

It was produced by attaching a lightweight accelerometer to the base of the cone, and then measuring the acceleration vs. frequency. 

The  processing features of LMS where then used to convert this data into velocity, and then finally excursion.  The sharp dip near 50Hz shows the effect of the port on reducing the cone excursion.

 

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